Electric charges have 2 signs: positive(+) and negative(-). The same charges repel while opposite charges attract.   How does a particle or an object get charged? Well, the atom consists of neutral neutrons and positive protons packed in the central nucleus with negative electrons orbiting around the nucleus. When the number of electrons is higher than the number of protons, the particle becomes negatively charged. And when number of protons is higher than the number of electrons, the particle becomes positively charged. When particles bond together, the electrons that aren't used in the said bond become conduction or free electrons that are free to roam while leaving positively charged particles. This material is called a conductor . Some examples of a conductor include metals, water, and the human body. If the material has barely or any free electrons it is said to be an insulator . Some examples of an insulator are plastic, fabric, and glass. Semi-conductors are somewhat in-be

 It is useful to learn about other coordinate systems. For example, to solve a problem involving a cylindrical shape like electromagnetic fields on a rod, you should use a cylindrical spherical coordinate system. For problems involving a sphere, like electromagnetic fields of a sphere, you should use spherical coordinate systems. Cylindrical Coordinate System     Cylindrical coordinates add the Z dimension to the polar coordinates (r, θ). It's dimensions are  (r, θ, z) which are radial, azimuthal, and vertical axes.  From cartesian to cylindrical: From cylindrical to cartesian: x = r*cos(θ) r²= x² + y² y = r*sin(θ) tan(θ)=y/x z = z z = z Spherical Coordinate System Spherical coordinates are  (r, θ, φ) which are radial, azimuthal, and vertical axes.  From cartesian to spherical: From spherical to cartesian: x = r*sin(θ)cos(φ) r²= x² + y² + z² y = r*sin(θ)sin(φ) cos(θ)=z/r z = r*cos(θ) tan(φ) =y/x This gif can help you visualize how changing each coordinate changes the position of ou

What is predicate logic and how is it different from propositional logic? Consider the example: All men are mortal. Socrates was a man. Socrates is mortal. This argument can't be expressed as propositional logic. Notice the keyword "All". Propositional logic only has one variable. However the statement "All men are mortal" is a predicate. It is neither true or false. It is both depending on who the subject is also known as the predicate variable. For example, the statement "Elon Musk is a billionaire" is true, but the statement "I am a billionaire" isn't. Unless, I become one in the coming years. Predicates A predicate is a statement that contains variables and that may be true or not depending on the values of these variables. Predicate : P(x) is a color. Predicate Instantiated (Proposition) : P(red) is a color. Predicate's domain (values which x can take): {red, green, apple} You can also think of a predicate as a function. f(x) =

Why do we grab an umbrella when the weather is set to be rainy for the day? How does your weather app recommend outdoor activities when the weather is sunny? It seems as simple as one plus one but these rules we use for our logical reasoning are the basis for many fields such as mathematics, computer science, philosophy, and legal reasoning.